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A number of cancers were found to have significant inverse correlations for black Americans with solar UVB levels, including breast, colon, esophageal, gastric and rectal cancer. These results generally confirm the results for black Americans reported in reference 32, adding esophageal and gastric cancer. However, some cancers were also reported in that work as having [...]

The regression analyses for selected cancers for black and white males and females are presented in Tables 2 and 3. UVB levels were significantly (inversely) associated with five cancers for males: colon, esophageal, gastric, lung and rectal; and three cancers for females: breast, colon and gastric. Lung cancer was significantly associated with bladder, colon, pancreatic [...]

Smoking It generally takes 20-50 years for smoking to lead to adverse health effects, such as lung cancer, but reliable data by state on smoking prevalence and amounts were not available until the mid-1980s. An alternate index of the health effects of smoking is lung cancer mortality rates for the two periods. About 87-89% of [...]

The ecologic approach is used to determine links between various risk-modifying factors and cancer mortality rates. There are three epidemiologic approaches generally used to try to establish links between risk-modifying factors and disease outcomes: case-control (retrospective), cohort (prospective) and ecologic. The first two study individuals; the ecologic approach uses populations defined geographically and average values [...]

INTRODUCTION Black Americans generally have higher cancer mortality rates and lower survival rates once diagnosed with cancer than do white Americans. Various factors have been proposed to explain these differences. One factor is lower socioeconomic status (SES), leading to lower-quality healthcare. Another factor is a higher rate of dying from cancer related to smoking tobacco. [...]